ABSTRACT
Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of double-J stent on the treatment of renal pelvis stones larger than ten mm in the children under 13 years of age by Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy [ESWL]
Material and Methods: This double blind clinical trial included 68 children less than 13 years of age with renal pelvis stones in Tohid Hospital in Sanandaj in 2014. The patients were randomly divided into two groups, double-J stent group [34 patients] and control group [34 patients]. 2000 shock waves were given during each period to all subjects. Using SPSS version 18, data were analyzed by descriptive statistics [frequency, ratio, mean, and standard deviation]
Results: The stone sizes in the intervention and control groups were 13.76 +/- 2.62 mm 13.91 +/- 2.79 mm respectively [p=0.69]. In 58.8% of the children in the intervention group and 76.5% of the patients in the control group, right kidney was involved [p=0.12]. Frequencies of post lithotripsy sequela, including fever, hospitalization and steinstrasse, did not show any statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups [p>0.05]. Frequencies of urinary tract infection in the intervention and control groups were 23.5% and 5.9%, respectively [p = 0.04]
Conclusion: Rate of kidney stone excretion in children with and without using stent was almost equal. Considering the problems of kidney stents and additional charges, Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy [ESWL] is recommended for the treatment of ureteral stones of 8 to 15 mm in diameter
ABSTRACT
Uncontrolled self-renewal plays a direct function in the progression of different types of carcinomas. The same molecular pathway that manages self-renewal in normal stem cells also seems to manage cancer stem cells. Here, we examine the expressions of self-renewal regulatory factors Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, nucleostemin, Zfx, Esrrb, Tcl1, Tbx3, and Dppa4 in tissue samples of colon, prostate, and bladder carcinomas as well as cancer cell lines HT-29, Caco-2, HT-1376, LNCaP, and HepG2. We used reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to examine expressions of the above mentioned regulatory factors in cancer cell lines HT-29, Caco-2, HT-1376, LNCaP, and HepG2 and in 20 tumor tissue samples. Total RNA was isolated by the ISOGEN method. RNA integrity was checked by agarose gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometry. Expressions of Oct4 and nucleostemin at the protein level were determined by immunocytochemistry. A significant relationship was found between tumor grade and self-renewal gene expression. Expressions of stem cell specific marker genes were detected in all examined cancer cell lines, in 40% to 100% of bladder cancer samples, and in 60% to 100% of colon and prostate cancer samples. Oct4 expressed in 100% of tumor tissue samples. Our data show that stem cell markers Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, nucleostemin, Bmi, Zfx, Esrrb, Tcl1, Tbx3, and Dppa4 significantly express in cancer cell lines and cancer tissues. Hence, these markers might be useful as potential tumor markers in the diagnosis and/or prognosis of tumors.